Between the Lines

An Early Modern Dildo Shop This week is Valentine's Day and I was reminded of the little known bawdy Valentine's Day poem written by Thomas Nashe. The Choise of Valentine s, or The   Merie Ballad of Nash his Dildo, is believed to have been composed around 1593 and exists in three extant manuscripts, but was not published in print until 1899. I first came across this poem while researching sex in Shakespeare and was struck by it's explicit language and humorous wit.  The poem is erotic in nature and sexually explicit, but is wrapped in humour and wit and framed in a classical style inspired by Ovid. The eroticism of the poem is very explicit, verging on pornographic, and accusations arose against Nashe for 'prostituting his pen'. While the poem is not of any significant literary value, it is an interesting insight into sex and erotic writing in the early modern period and is perhaps most significant for being the first known usage of the word 'dildo' in...

With my dissertation well under way, I hope to use this blog to think through some of my ideas and share the direction of my writing. The overarching aim of my dissertation, titled Large and Spacious Will: Sex and Sexuality in Shakespeare's Sonnets , is to attempt to reclaim the 'dark lady' from a figure which functions merely as an example of misogynist discourse to a woman who is a rebel and a threat to patriarchy and social order. To achieve this aim, I am taking an intersection approach. The oppression of race, class, gender, sexuality and many other spheres of oppression are always interlinked and inseparable and so, in my analysis of the sonnets, I feel it is important to consider the role of race, class, gender and sexuality. In this blog I want to outline some of the ways in which the woman of sonnets 127-154, sometimes known as the 'dark lady', disrupts class structures. The first 18 of Shakespeare's sonnets urge a fair young man to procreate in ord...

I have decided to use this blog to track some of my research ideas and findings as I begin the process of writing my Masters dissertation. The following is the script of a presentation I delivered on the 25th of May 2017. The conference was a chance to explore our dissertation proposals, and I delivered my paper in a session chaired by Professor Phillip Schwyzer titled: Early Modern Discourses: Bodies, Politics, Performance. Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady': A Sexual Revolutionary? Hello, I am Antonio Hehir, and I have been conducting research into sex and sexuality in Shakespeare’s sonnets. Today, I want to talk a little bit about the Dark Lady of the sonnets and how we can seek to redefine her and to ask the question: Was the Dark Lady of Shakespeare’s sonnets a sexual revolutionary? When it comes to the sonnets, there has been a tendency among Shakespeare scholars to focus on the ‘Fair Youth’ sonnets (1-126) and much of that focus has orbited around a biographical...

Leda and the Swan BY WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS A sudden blow: the great wings beating still  Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed  By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,  He holds her helpless breast upon his breast.  How can those terrified vague fingers push  The feathered glory from her loosening thighs?  And how can body, laid in that white rush,  But feel the strange heart beating where it lies?  A shudder in the loins engenders there  The broken wall, the burning roof and tower  And Agamemnon dead.  Being so caught up,  So mastered by the brute blood of the air,  Did she put on his knowledge with his power  Before the indifferent beak could let her drop? WB Yates Leda and the swan is a daring sonnet by Irish poet William Butler Yates that retells the story from Greek mythology of Leda,s impregnation  by the god...

Key Terms: Alliteration  - Repeated sound of the first consonant in a series of multiple words. Apostrophe  - Directly addressing something, someone or an abstract concept not present in the poem. Volta -  The turn of thought or argument in a sonnet. Iambic Pentameter -  Line of five feet of unstressed followed by stressed syllables.   Personification -  Human qualities given to animals, objects or ideas. Speaker  - The voice narrating the poem. Not necessarily the poet.  It has been a long time since I have done a close reading, and with all my blogs on theory and criticism, I think its important not to lose sight of our appreciation for the art. So in today's blog we will go back to the basics of appreciating and admiring poetry for what it is. I have chosen to look at this sonnet by John Keats -  Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast As Thou Art. BRIGHT star! would I were steadfast as thou art—   Not in...

Boris Eikenbaum Russian Formalism and New Criticism very much go hand in hand under the umbrella term of formalism. They share similar qualities in that the focus of their study is on the text itself and dismisses the importance of the author. This school of literary theory came out of the will to reform outdated approaches to literature, in Russia, in the early part of the 1900s. It was Boris Eikenbaum who set about recording the principles of this school of theory in his text Theory of the Formal Method. As with  New Criticism, close reading is the key tool for the Russian Formalists with a heavy focus on language, syntax, grammatical construction and the sounds of words. It is the job of formalist critics to consider how these elements function and contribute to the form of the poem. Remember that the form is not what the poem is saying, but how it is saying it. What the poem is about is of no interest to formalists. The very basis of Russian Formalist theory is cente...

In my final year of university,  sat at my desk, surrounded by empty energy drink cans, head collapsed upon my annotated copy of T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, I would often drift away and contemplate what it would be like to meet the man. Choosing to write my dissertation on Eliot's poetry was a rather straight forward decision for me. His poems were complex, but they were compelling. I very much thrived on the challenge of deciphering his poems, but he also spoke of a disillusionment with modernity that, despite coming from a different cultural viewpoint, still spoke to me. Eliot to me is a genius; an artist. He is a literary behemoth who not only contributed enormously to poetry, but to the field of literary studies as a whole. Eliot, as a poet, I adore, but Eliot, the man, is a different proposition. Here I am an atheist, socialist and progressive thinker in admiration at the work of a man who was deeply religious, conservative and a bigot. It is a difficult conflict to res...

"I have Jane Austen's diary at the time of writing Sense and Sensibility!" New Critic: "Not interested." "I have William Thackeray's annotated manuscript of Vanity Fair!" NC: "Am I bothered though?" "I have a time machine in which I can travel back to the early 1600s and ask Shakespeare about Hamlet!" NC: "Talk to the hand." This is how one can imagine a conversation with a New Critic may take place. Prior to the 20th century, literary analysis was was very much centered in a romanticist tradition which had its focus on the artist. It wanted to appreciate the intellect and the creative genius of the person who produced the text. After the turn of the century, there was a strong reaction against these old forms, that wanted to put the text back at the forefront of analysis. This movement was known as formalism, and its aim was to remove a text from the historical context of its production, and appreciate it for t...

I have decided to spotlight the poem “The Red Wheelbarrow “ by William Carlos Williams. This poem is perhaps the most famous example of imagist poetry.  Imagist poetry is centred on one exclusive image, an image so deeply focused that it becomes the poem itself. Imagists insisted that a poem should get its power, not from the poet’s clever style, not the symbolism of its content, but from the emotions evoked by an image (An idea that can be traced back to the Japanese Haiku of the 16 th century).  Williams was an imagist whose aesthetic principles were largely focused on everyday life and the common man. It was an aesthetic that went against the grain of the critically acclaimed poets of the day such as the classicist, academic, and formal poetry exemplified by the likes of T. S. Eliot. “The Red Wheelbarrow” is a poem composed of a single sentence broken up at various intervals. The poem’s opening lines set the tone for the entire poem, and its form and meaning ...